• The effects of opioids such as

  2022-01-10

  

  The effects of opioids such as morphine are mediated through the opioid receptors. Opioid receptors are widely expressed both peripherally and in the CNS (Chen et al., 1993, Evans et al., 1992). The opioid agonist morphine has been shown to amplify the effect of the tubular cell-gp120 interaction on

• The main aim of our study was to identify whether

  2022-01-07

  

  The main aim of our study was to identify whether glucokinase and Irs2 were required for beta cell replication induced by short-term HF diet feeding. Glucokinase plays a critical role in regulating blood glucose levels by catalysing the rate-limiting biochemical reaction of glycolysis [26,27]. In pa

• The post translational modification O GlcNAcylation

  2022-01-07

  

  The post-translational modification O-GlcNAcylation is also dependent upon glucose fluctuations. O-GlcNAcylation has been linked to insulin resistance and glucose toxicity in diabetes and its comorbidities [11]. O-GlcNAcylation is a dynamic modification tightly regulated by the nutritional sensor UD

• GKRP binds to the inactive

  2022-01-07

  

  GKRP binds to the inactive, super-open conformation of GCK, acting as a competitive inhibitor of glucose association with the enzyme (Fig. 3) [45]. Upon formation of the inhibitory complex with GKRP, GCK is sequestered into the hepatocyte nucleus [48]. The detailed mechanism by which GKRP mediates t

• AD is an irreversible and progressive neurodegenerative dise

  2022-01-07

  

  AD is an irreversible and progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting the BIX 01294 mg which insidiously destroys memory, thinking skills and cognition. Originally described in 1906 by German physician Alois Alzheimer, AD is characterized by the presence of intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles

• br Acknowledgements We thank Kathy Spindler for helpful revi

  2022-01-07

  

  Acknowledgements We thank Kathy Spindler for helpful review of the manuscript. Expert technical assistance from Joel Whitfield in the University of Michigan Cancer Center Immunology Core is greatly appreciated. This research was supported by the American Heart Association (16GRNT30250013) and by

• Cell stiffness is determined by the cytoskeleton an

  2022-01-07

  

  Cell stiffness is determined by the cytoskeleton, an intracellular polymeric network consisting of aldose reductase filaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments, and crosslinking proteins [38]. Low cell stiffness has been correlated with reduced formation of well-defined F-actin filaments or bun

• The site of paracetamol action remains controversial Some

  2022-01-07

  

  The site of paracetamol action remains controversial. Some publications are in favor of a central action (Barrière et al., 2013, Dogrul et al., 2012, Mallet et al., 2010, Pickering et al., 2006), while others report a peripheral action (Dani et al., 2007, Ferreira et al., 1978). FAAH is a ubiquitous

• br The HDC knockout mouse

  2022-01-07

  

  The HDC knockout mouse as a pathophysiological model of TS The implication of a hypomorphic allele of the Hdc gene as a rare cause of TS (Ercan-Sencicek et al., 2010) created a rare opportunity for the generation of a pathophysiologically grounded model of the disorder. Modeling pathophysiology o

• Tourette s syndrome TS is a neurobehavioral

  2022-01-07

  

  Tourette's syndrome (TS) is a neurobehavioral disorder characterized by chronic motor and vocal tics. The histaminergic system appears to be implicated in the pathophysiology of TS because H3R up-regulation has been observed in the striatum of HDC knock-out animal models (Rapanelli et al., 2017; Rap

• Dihydro-β-erythroidine hydrobromide Although HK localizes ma

  2022-01-07

  

  Although HK localizes mainly to either the cytosol or mitochondria [29], [30], [31] and cardioprotection is associated with increased mitochondrial HK binding, some studies have identified a component of HK located in intracellular vesicles within the cardiomyocyte [48], [61], supporting older data

• br Hydroxamic acids br Inhibitors with reporting modalities

  2022-01-07

  

  Hydroxamic acids Inhibitors with reporting modalities Dual or more HDAC inhibitors Conclusion Finally, non-human HDAC such as Schistosoma mansoni HDAC8 are targeted for parasitic diseases and recent work highlight the interest of HDACs in viral infections. Despite their discovery in the

• As previously discussed even though glucose is the major

  2022-01-06

  

  As previously discussed, even though glucose is the major fuel of the brain, neuronal cells may use alternative fuels such as ketone bodies in metabolically challenging situations in which glucose availability is limited [6]. Ketogenesis takes place mainly in the liver, although astrocytes can also

• br Acknowledgments This work was supported by

  2022-01-06

  

  Acknowledgments This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (R01 A1084898) to M.V. Williams and M.E. Ariza. Introduction Female pattern hair loss (FPHL) has emerged as the preferred term for androgenetic alopecia (AGA) in women due to the uncertain relationship between androg

• Molecular dynamics studies have proved an effective means of

  2022-01-06

  

  Molecular dynamics studies have proved an effective means of characterising transition state pathways between the inward- and outward-facing states, and providing the relative propensity for each state. For example, long-timescale simulations of the membrane-embedded LeuT dimer, totalling ∼21 μs, ha

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